Modernism started around the 1850’s.
Modern art was driven by social and cultural agendas appropriate to the time.
For example industrialisation, emancipation of women, universal education and
the impact of war, religion and science on everyday life. The modernist
perspective was often utopian. Modernism is viewed as having ended at some
point in 1960’s. Simply put, Andy Warhol began painting pictures of soup cans,
postmodernism became the term to use. Postmodernism reached its zenith in the
1980’s and 1990’s. But it is still a useful catch all term and is used and misused
to describe whatever you choose. George Ritzer suggested that postmodern
usually refers to cultural movement involving architecture, art, music, films,
TV and adverts. He also claimed that postmodern culture is signified by the
following statements. For example the distinction between high and mass
culture, the breakdown of barriers between genres and style, mixing up of time,
space and narrative, emphasis on style rather than content and the distinction
between representation and reality. Some people argue that postmodernism is too
vague and question whether or not it is real as the texts are usually a copy of
something so that the literate audience can identify these intertextual references.
It can also be difficult to take seriously because postmodern texts generally
include a range of parody, pastiche, homage and hyper reality. Postmodernism has
also been said to be too complex for something supposedly so simple. Texts can
sometimes be quite difficult to understand by some audiences as simple aspects
are often over thought. If postmodern texts continue to evolve in the future;
the whole idea of postmodernism may lose its value because no texts will be
different and anything could be considered ‘postmodern’. Some texts are easier
to explain than others although some are not serious enough to be considered
postmodern. Another key argument is whether or not you can separate modernism
and postmodernism as some would argue postmodernism is not as new as it claims
to be. For example the use of intertextuality, parody and pastiche is used in
many postmodern texts but also in modernist texts as well.
One postmodern film that I have
studied is the 2011 film Drive. This particular film includes a wide range of
postmodern elements but some would consider controversial as they are not
convinced by the idea of postmodernism. The most obvious postmodern element in
this film is the lack of dialogue. The characters that we are introduced to
show no emotion or reaction to anything that goes on in the city. This is very
unusual as the film is set in Los Angeles and it almost seems deserted because we
are only introduced to a small amount of characters throughout the film. The
murders get increasingly graphic in the film and the criminals never seem to
get caught so the police seem irrelevant. This lack of dialogue enhances The
Driver’s psychopathic traits as he shows no reaction to anything that he
witnesses or does. An example of a scene which emphasises the lack of dialogue is
the lift and driving scene. The lift scene is self reflexive and uses slow
motion to highlight the connection between the Driver and Irene. The light also
changes which also draws attention to the film as a text and introduces emotion
for the first time. This emotion is very strong and genuine and introduces the
human aspect for the first time. When the calming music fades and the scene
resumes to real time, the violence begins and the audience is reminded that it
is a reality and not a representation. At this stage, Irene finally see’s who
The Driver really is. The expression on her face shows how shocked she is
although The Driver still seems emotionless which the audience see’s as very
unusual.
This lack of dialogue, use of
slow motion and having scenes lit with a golden hue emphasises the utopian
aspect and the film’s idyllic heart with the idea of a stereotypical fairytale.
These particular scenes shows the Drive fitting in with the family, which
Standard, Irene’s husband seemingly accepts which is also unusual because the
audience see’s him as interfering. The lack of dialogue may confuse the
audience so they may struggle to be convinced by this element. The lack of
dialogue creates a very tense and awkward atmosphere which is very hard to
understand if the audience has not witnessed this strange element in other
films. We know very little about the Driver’s past but we can see that he is
very dark, insular and violent but we do not know what his motivation is or
what he does. We do know he is a criminal because he starts off as a getaway
driver for bad people just like the getaway scenes from the 1978 film The
Driver. The city and the characters are dystopian as the Driver is responsible
for the deaths of Shannon and Standard and he has left Benicio fatherless and
Irene a widow. Although he can also be seen as a hero as he left the money to
ensure their security. He is not a flawless Hollywood conventional hero which
makes his character very difficult to understand because he is so unique and
sinister. Baudrillard’s theory of simulacra and simulation can be applied to
the film which claims that current society has replaced all reality and meaning
with symbols and signs and that human experience is of a simulation of reality ‘like
a movie’. Individuals who are not convinced by the postmodern aspects in the
film may find it hard to separate image from reality. Levi Strauss’s theory of
bricolage can also be applied as the film covers genres as diverse as crime, drama
and thriller. Therefore it can be described as a hybrid when being applied to
Jacques Derrida’s theory.
The idea that the film is set in
such a large city with such a small population makes the characters seem more vulnerable
which links to the intertextual reference to the video game Grand Theft Auto.
The city is also used to enhance characters that are shallow and oppressive as
it offers little comfort and no escape. The
whole environment is portrayed as a playground and the murders that take place
are very similar to those that are set in missions in the game. Some of the
murders are every glamorised which makes the audience very hard to convince
because they are so stylised. The graphic violence is also reminiscent to the
violence in the 2005 film A History of Violence. The violence is brutal and
very hyper real which makes it very hard to convince the audience that it is
real. Laura Mulvey’s Male Gaze theory can also be applied to the film as there
is a scene in the club where the Driver is surrounded by a group of topless women.
The use of mirrors and the way that the camera lingers around the women’s
features highlights how the men look at and treat the women. Another link to
the video game is the pink 80’s style font that is displayed in the titles.
Similar style music is also played even though the film is set in the modern
day. The music is described as an 80’s style synthesiser and an example ‘A Real
Hero’ by College ft. Electric Youth. The music was pioneered by European electronic
bands such as Kraftwerk and other retro 80’s style work. These postmodern elements used throughout the
film can be very difficult to convince the audience as to why they are used. If
the audience do not understand postmodernism, they would find the film very
hard to follow which is an issue. Not everyone agrees with the ideas of
postmodernism and many dispute the ideas commonly associated with the term.
Therefore people may reject some of the elements and concepts in Drive because
they are not convinced by how it works.
Individuals are also not always
convinced by postmodern TV programmes. An example is Flight of the Conchords.
This programme is self reflexive as the characters make regular eye contact
with the camera and quirky style graphics are also used. In one of the episodes
that I watched there were intertextual references to Prince, Daft Punk, Pet Shops
Boys and Shaggy. Bricolage is used as the programme is portrayed as a sitcom,
musical, music video and a drama. Cut and paste style graphics are also used as
well as a semi episodic structure. Parody and pastiche is also used as elements
of music genres, music video conventions, romantic comedy and stereotypical New
Zealand features. There are also references to Hall and Oates who were a pop
duo in the 80’s, ZZ Top’s ‘Legs’ and Donovan’s ‘Hurdy Gurdy Man’. In another
episode that I watched, there were also intertextual references made such as
Simon and Garfunkel, Elton John and other lookalikes. This episode mocked the
idea of lookalikes by taking the image so far and making them like stereotypes.
There was also a parody made for the Prime Minister of New Zealand which
represented him as a shambolic idiot. If audiences do not understand the humour
in postmodernism they may not be convinced by programmes such as this one
because they take humour so far that it is quite silly. Television adverts can
also be considered postmodern but are not always convincing. Parodies of
original adverts are very common. An example is the Cadbury’s advert and the Wonder
bra advert which is the parody of the video. By making a parody it makes the
adverts more recognisable because the audience relate to what they have already
seen which apples to John Fiske’s theory. However, there are a number of issues
with postmodern adverts. For example they make it seem like everything is
perfect. With the Smirnoff advert, they almost advertise the night out, rather
than the drink itself. The experiences are sometimes unrealistic and there are
also issues of authenticity.
Some people are also not
convinced by postmodern music. This may be because people believe that genres
are mutating too fats with the developments of technology and now there are
just too many styles around. This relates to Brian Eno’s theory of ‘the death
of uncool’. This claims nothing is ‘uncool’ anymore because are so many genres
and styles to take an interest in. It also involves the idea that some artists
are so bad that they are good because they are so diverse. One artist that is
considered postmodern and took some time to convince her audience to take a
liking to her is Lady Gaga. She is now considered an icon because of her unique
fashion sense, song writing, singing, dancer and her role as an activist. When
writing her songs, Gaga develops ideas from other inspirational songs from
artists she admires such as Queen and David Bowie. For example the song ‘Boys boys boys’ on her
first album was written based on a mash up of Motley Crue’s ‘Girls girls girls’
and AC/DC’s ‘TNT’. Gaga echoes classic 1980’s pop and 1990’s Europop and her
albums are said to include an element of pastiche which include seventies arena
glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q. She engages in
bricolage as she can cover a wide range of genres such as opera, heavy metal, rock
and roll and pop. She also constantly reinvents her sound and image. Lady Gaga
can be applied to Jonathan Kramer’s theory because she challenges the barrier
between high and low styles, she considers music not as autonomous but as
relevant to cultural, social and political contexts, she embraces
contradictions and locates meaning and even structure in listeners, more than
in scores, performances or composers. Because of her unique and very unusual
style, she can be considered cool in an ironic ‘I know it bad but it’s so bad
its good’ kind of way. At the beginning of her music career, it took a while
for people to warm to her unusual style and personality because they thought
she was so strange but she expressed her confidence which shows she isn’t ashamed
of who she is. She also fits into Jean Baudrillard’s theory as she is a prime
example of how the barriers between art, literature and a wider political and
social life are now non-existent. She has also created a new status for art
culture. Art does not represent or reflect reality, it is reality. She shows
this through her strong opinions, beliefs and iconic style.
These examples of postmodern
media show that not all audiences are convinced by postmodernism. Many of the
critics see postmodernism as offensive as they believe texts are just an
imitation of another text. The phenomenon has emerged from so many different
disciplines that it is difficult to define. Another criticism is that it is
really a descriptive rather than a prescriptive movement. It tries to describe
current phenomena but does not really move towards any idea of how we should progress
from this point.